The laser-based space backbone-networks are important technological approaches to guarantee the high-speed transmission of the space date, as well as to promote the information sharing efficiency and finally to realize the global-area-coverage of the space information service network. The increasing space data capacity requires compliant bandwidth of the adopted processing methods, and the method should also be extensible and compatible. This paper aims at the high-bandwidth and short-latency data processing requirements in the next-generation laser-based space backbone-networks, combining with the backbone-network’s characteristics of simple-construction and fast-data-transmission, and proposes the all-optical processing techniques for the aforementioned networks based on the optical third-order nonlinear effects in medium with highly-nonlinear coefficient. The all-optical methods for the laser-link switching/multicasting, the format conversion and the data-relaying/regeneration are discussed and these methods can be used to support the construction of the next-generation space information networks.